劍橋雅思閱讀翻譯 【雅思閱讀翻譯】C4T1P3——視覺符號(hào)與盲人

今天大學(xué)路小編整理了劍橋雅思閱讀翻譯 【雅思閱讀翻譯】C4T1P3——視覺符號(hào)與盲人相關(guān)信息，希望在這方面能夠更好的大家。

本文目錄一覽：

• 1、英語翻譯 雅思閱讀
• 2、劍橋雅思閱讀翻譯
• 3、【雅思閱讀翻譯】C4T1P3——視覺符號(hào)與盲人

英語翻譯 雅思閱讀

Meis (1992) points out that the touri* industry involves concepts that have remained amorphous to both *ysts and decision-makers. Moreover,in all nations this problem has made it difficult for the industry to develop any type of reliable or credible touri* information base in order to estimate the contribution it makes to regional, national and global economies.

谷歌翻譯，請(qǐng)?jiān)嚳纯? MEIS（1992）指出，旅游業(yè)涉及到仍然無定形為分析師和決策者的概念。此外，在所有的國家這個(gè)問題使得難以為行業(yè)開發(fā)任何類型的可靠和可信的旅游信息庫，以便估計(jì)它使區(qū)域，國家和全球經(jīng)濟(jì)的貢獻(xiàn)。

劍橋雅思閱讀翻譯

然而，由于定義不清的問題，直接影響到了統(tǒng)計(jì)計(jì)量，欲提供世界范圍的旅游參與度的精確數(shù)據(jù)，不太可能有很大程度上的準(zhǔn)確數(shù)據(jù)的。
with any degree of certainty to provide的意思，多大程度的確信程度來提供數(shù)據(jù)，意思是你提供的數(shù)據(jù)的準(zhǔn)確性程度如何

【雅思閱讀翻譯】C4T1P3——視覺符號(hào)與盲人

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27–40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.

From a number of recent studies, it has become clear that blind people can appreciate the use of outlines and perspectives to describe the arrangement of objects and other surfaces in space. But pictures are more than literal representations. This fact was drawn to my attention dramatically when a blind woman in one of my investigations decided on her own initiative to draw a wheel as it was spinning. To show this motion, she traced a curve inside the circle (Fig. 1). I was taken aback. Lines of motion, such as the one she used, are a very recent invention in the history of illustration. Indeed, as art scholar David Kunzle notes, Wilhelm Busch, a trend-setting nineteenth-century cartoonist, used virtually no motion lines in his popular figures until about 1877.

最近的一系列研究表明，盲人可以理解用輪廓線和透視圖表示的物體排列及空中的其他表面。但是圖片表達(dá)的意思更勝于文字表述。當(dāng)我研究的一位盲人女性自發(fā)地劃出一個(gè)正在滾動(dòng)的車輪時(shí)，這個(gè)現(xiàn)象極大地吸引了我的注意。為了展示車輪的運(yùn)動(dòng)，她在圓的中心畫了一條曲線。我被嚇了一跳。表示運(yùn)動(dòng)的線，例如她剛畫的這條，是插圖史上最近才有的發(fā)明。事實(shí)上，正如藝術(shù)學(xué)者David Kunzle所說，引領(lǐng)了19世紀(jì)潮流的卡通畫家Wilhelm Busch直到1877年之前都沒有在他最流行的人物形象中使用動(dòng)態(tài)線條。

When I asked several other blind study subjects to draw a spinning wheel, one particularly clever rendition appeared repeatedly: several subjects showed the wheel’s?spokes as curved lines. When asked about these curves, they all described them as metaphorical ways of suggesting motion. Majority rule would argue that this device somehow indicated motion very well. But was it a better indicator than, say, broken or wavy lines – or any other kind of line, for that matter? The answer was not clear. So I decided to test whether various lines of motion were apt ways of showing movement or if they were merely idiosyncratic marks. Moreover, I wanted to discover whether there were differences in how the blind and the sighted interpreted lines of motion.

當(dāng)我要求其他接受研究的盲人畫一個(gè)滾動(dòng)的輪子時(shí)，一種很聰明的畫法反復(fù)出現(xiàn)了：一些盲人把車輪的輻條畫成了曲線。當(dāng)被問到這些曲線時(shí)，他們都說這是一種表示運(yùn)動(dòng)的比喻手法。多數(shù)人規(guī)則，會(huì)認(rèn)為，這種方式可以很好地表示運(yùn)動(dòng)。但是對(duì)于這種現(xiàn)象。會(huì)不會(huì)有種更好的表示方法，例如虛線和波浪線，或其他形式的線呢？答案還不明確。所以我決定測(cè)試各種表示運(yùn)動(dòng)的線條分別適合表示哪種運(yùn)動(dòng)，或者也許它們只是一些特殊符號(hào)。而且，我想要發(fā)現(xiàn)盲人和普通人眼中表示運(yùn)動(dòng)的線條有沒有什么區(qū)別。

To search out these answers, I created raised-line drawings of five different wheels, depicting spokes with lines that curved, bent, waved, dashed and extended beyond the perimeter of the wheel. I then asked eighteen blind volunteers to feel the wheels and assign one of the following motions to each wheel: wobbling, spinning fast, spinning steadily, jerking or braking. My control group consisted of eighteen sighted undergraduates from the University of Toronto.

為了找出答案，我用凸起的線條畫出了五個(gè)輪子，分別把輻條畫成了曲線、折線、波浪線、虛線和伸出車輪的線。接著，我請(qǐng)18位盲人志愿者觸摸輪子，并請(qǐng)他們把每個(gè)輪子對(duì)應(yīng)在以下運(yùn)動(dòng)中：搖晃、迅速轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)、穩(wěn)定轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)、顛簸或剎車。我的對(duì)照組由18多倫多大學(xué)的普通大學(xué)生組成。

All but one of the blind subjects assigned distinctive motions to each wheel. Most guessed that the curved spokes indicated that the wheel was spinning steadily; the wavy spokes, they thought, suggested that the wheel was wobbling; and the bent spokes were taken as a sign that the wheel was jerking. Subjects assumed that spokes extending beyond the wheel’s perimeter signified that the wheel had its brakes on and that dashed spokes indicated the wheel was spinning quickly.

除了其中一人，所有的盲人都把不同的運(yùn)動(dòng)與輪子相對(duì)應(yīng)了。大部分人猜測(cè)曲線輻條表示輪子在平穩(wěn)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)，波浪輻條表示車輪在搖晃，折線車輪表示車子受到顛簸。受試者猜測(cè)，輻條伸出車輪邊緣表示輪子處于剎車狀態(tài)，而虛線表示輪子在快速轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。

In addition, the favored description for the sighted was the favored description for the blind in every instance. What is more, the consensus among the sighted was barely higher than that among the blind. Because motion devices are unfamiliar to the blind, the task I gave them involved some problem solving. Evidently, however, the blind not only figured out meanings for each line of motion, but as a group they generally came up with the same meaning at least as frequently as did sighted subjects.

另外，普通人喜愛的表達(dá)與盲人喜愛的表達(dá)基本一致。而且普通人之間的共識(shí)度并不比盲人高。因?yàn)槊と藢?duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)裝置并不熟悉，所以我給他們的任務(wù)中也包括解決一些問題。但是，很明顯，盲人不僅搞明白了線條運(yùn)動(dòng)的意義，而且作為一個(gè)團(tuán)隊(duì)，他們達(dá)成共識(shí)的普遍頻率也不比普通人低。

We have found that the blind understand other kinds of visual metaphors as well. One blind woman drew a picture of a child inside a heart – choosing that symbol, she said, to show that love surrounded the child. With Chang Hong Liu, a doctoral student from China, I have begun exploring how well blind people understand the symboli* behind shapes such as hearts that do not directly represent their meaning. We gave a list of twenty pairs of words to sighted subjects and asked them to pick from each pair the term that best related to a circle and the term that best related to a square. For example, we asked: What goes with soft? A circle or a square? Which shape goes with hard?

我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，盲人也能理解其他種類的視覺符號(hào)。一個(gè)盲人女性在一個(gè)心形中間畫了一個(gè)小孩——她說，選擇這個(gè)符號(hào)，是為了表示孩子被愛包圍。于是我和一個(gè)中國博士生劉長虹開始研究：盲人對(duì)于心形這樣不直接表達(dá)含義的符號(hào)背后的意義，到底理解到了什么樣的程度。我們給了普通人20對(duì)單詞，并要求他們?cè)诿恳粚?duì)單詞中選擇一個(gè)代表圓圈的和一個(gè)代表方框的。比方說，我們問：哪個(gè)表示柔軟呢？圓圈還是方框？哪個(gè)又表示堅(jiān)硬？

All our subjects deemed the circle soft and the square hard. A full 94% ascribed happy to the circle, instead of sad. But other pairs revealed less agreement: 79% matched fast to slow and weak to strong, respectively. And only 51% linked deep to circle and shallow to square. (See Fig. 2) When we tested four totally blind volunteers using the same list, we found that their choices closely resembled those made by the sighted subjects. One man, who had been blind since birth, scored extremely well. He made only one match differing from the consensus, assigning ‘far’ to square and?‘near’ to circle. In fact, only a *all majority of sighted subjects – 53% – had paired far and near to the opposite partners. Thus, we concluded that the blind interpret abstract shapes as sighted people do.

所有的受試者都認(rèn)為圓形表示柔軟而方塊表示堅(jiān)硬。94%的人認(rèn)為開心與圓形對(duì)應(yīng)，而不是悲傷。也有一些詞組出現(xiàn)了不同的意見：79%的人在快-慢和強(qiáng)-弱對(duì)比上意見分別一致。而只有51%的人認(rèn)為圓形表示深，方形表示淺。當(dāng)我們用完全一樣的列表測(cè)試四個(gè)完全看不到的盲人時(shí)，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)他們的選擇與普通人的選擇非常相似。有個(gè)先天失明的人做得特別好。他只有一次連線與之前的移至答案不同，那就是把“遠(yuǎn)”與方聯(lián)系起來，把近和圓聯(lián)系起來。事實(shí)上，只有剛剛53%的普通人在遠(yuǎn)近上給出了相反的答案。因此，我們可以得出結(jié)論：盲人可以像普通人一樣理解抽象圖案的意義。

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