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本文目錄一覽：
劍橋雅思閱讀
因?yàn)閯蛳盗幸恢笔强脊俸脱潘伎忌臉蛄?，也注定?huì)是雅思考試的風(fēng)向標(biāo)，劍九的出版，豐富了考生的備考資料。
那么，《劍九》中傳遞了哪樣的信息，延續(xù)了劍橋家族中哪些不變，又呈現(xiàn)了哪些變化，以及劍九對(duì)現(xiàn)在的雅思考試究竟有哪些指導(dǎo)意義?該如何有效而高效的利用起這本真題集，來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)內(nèi)功與考試高分雙增長(zhǎng)的目標(biāo)?
延續(xù)閱讀經(jīng)典題型
之前學(xué)生中道聽(tīng)途說(shuō)有很多猜忌，說(shuō)在留學(xué)大潮的當(dāng)下，雅思考試為了選拔人才，會(huì)在2013年有所變革。
縱觀《劍九》中收錄的四套高水準(zhǔn)的劍橋真題，各位考生大可不必慌張，雅思考試在今年，乃至可預(yù)見(jiàn)的2014年，這兩年題型上應(yīng)該不會(huì)有新題型出現(xiàn)，依然會(huì)延續(xù)劍橋家族中的經(jīng)典題型。
雅思官網(wǎng)上把閱讀部分題型分成十種，總體上分為五種大題型，和五種小題型。
前者分別是LIST OF HEADINGS 選段意題;MATCHING搭配題;TRUE，F(xiàn)ALSE，NOT GIVEN OR YES，NO，NOT GIVEN判斷題，MULTIPLE CHOICE選擇題 和SUMMARY填空題。
那么五種小題型大部分是大題型SUMMARY的延續(xù)，比如填圖表，填流程，看圖填詞，句子填空，和簡(jiǎn)答題。
大題型不能存在僥幸心里，五個(gè)題型都應(yīng)該將解題思路爛熟于心，以在考場(chǎng)上迅速切換思路，爭(zhēng)取速度，力求準(zhǔn)確。
《劍九》文章收錄最新
《劍四》、《劍五》中的文章主要集中在2001-2003這三年;《劍六》主要來(lái)自2004-2005年，《劍七》多數(shù)是2006年和2007年這兩年，于是《劍八》中收錄的文章，主要是考場(chǎng)上2008年考過(guò)的文章，部分來(lái)自2007年，個(gè)別來(lái)自2009年，這次《劍九》中收錄的文章，比對(duì)了以往的考題，主要來(lái)自2009年，個(gè)別來(lái)自2011年和2012年。
其中有兩篇文章在考場(chǎng)上考察了不下四次，這次也光榮退休到《劍九》的真題集中：IS THERE ANYBODY OUT THERE? (《搜索外星生物》 來(lái)自2002年，2004年6月26日，2007年1月20日，2009年12月19日)，和另外一篇 Venus in transit 《金星凌日》來(lái)自2007年5月19日，2008年6月21日，2009年2月28日和2012年4月28日)這就印證了我們一貫的猜測(cè)，考場(chǎng)上依然有很多舊題在用，有的甚至能用到4次才退休。
所以我們點(diǎn)題班上為學(xué)員整理的內(nèi)容，還是十分有用的。雖然劍九中收錄的文章較以往劍橋系列已經(jīng)為最新的了(多為2009年)，但是很多不了解雅思出題動(dòng)態(tài)的同學(xué)依然不滿足，期待能多出現(xiàn)2012年或2011年的題目。
其實(shí)這是并無(wú)意義的，在雅思考試中，文章文本只是依托，我們的任務(wù)是做題得分。
結(jié)合了2012年全年47場(chǎng)考試141篇閱讀文章，我們還是能夠洞察出這次劍橋大學(xué)考試委員會(huì)在編篡劍九的時(shí)候還是用了心思的，他們側(cè)重了題型的分配，對(duì)現(xiàn)在備考有很大的指導(dǎo)作用。
透露題型考察重點(diǎn)
就大題型而言List of headings 題目數(shù)量驟降，與2012年全年的7%數(shù)字吻合，體現(xiàn)驟降。
Matching題普遍上升，與2012年全年25%的數(shù)字，即每次考試近乎10道搭配題，數(shù)量一致，其中人名配理論為普通搭配型的重中之重，《劍九》中一共有兩道大題是普通型的搭配，通通都是人名配理論。
另外搭配題中的段落配相關(guān)信息型飆升(即如下幾個(gè)信息在原文中哪個(gè)自然段有所提及型)，請(qǐng)廣大考生注意備考側(cè)重。
其它的題型，判斷題仍然占有絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)，Multiple choice 單多選題， 并無(wú)出眾表現(xiàn)。SUMMARY 從數(shù)量上較以往劍橋系列有所下降，但是結(jié)合了它繁衍成的小題型來(lái)看一點(diǎn)都不少。
那么小題型中，《劍九》中雖沒(méi)有出現(xiàn)表格題，但這對(duì)我們絲毫沒(méi)有影響，因?yàn)楸砀耦}直接套用填空題的方法即可。
不過(guò)有意思的是，簡(jiǎn)答題象一匹黑馬沖了出來(lái)，其它的劍橋系列都沒(méi)怎么出題的簡(jiǎn)答題，在《劍九》中大量出現(xiàn)，有兩點(diǎn)發(fā)現(xiàn)：
第一，完善了劍橋系列的閱讀題型，針對(duì)簡(jiǎn)答題讓考生有題可練，有題能練，而且能夠通過(guò)劍九練透。
第二，讓考生意識(shí)到，稍微方法不同與SUMMARY的小題型考察數(shù)量在增加，除了簡(jiǎn)答，完成句子中類似普通MATCHING題的比重也有所增加。
這個(gè)趨勢(shì)已經(jīng)從2013年的頭幾個(gè)月考試中能夠顯露出來(lái)。
如何高效利用《劍九》?
考前兩周當(dāng)真題沖刺用，結(jié)合聽(tīng)力部分，完全利用《劍九》當(dāng)模擬題來(lái)考察自己的能力。
建議?？紩r(shí)間設(shè)定在周一和周三，周二和周四進(jìn)行分析，周五查漏補(bǔ)缺，周六親臨考場(chǎng)。
做題順序建議：按順序即可：Test1- Test2-Test3-Test4 等級(jí)為： 中——難——難——中。解釋一下，第一套用中等水平題目驗(yàn)證一下自己復(fù)習(xí)的是否充分有效，如果不如預(yù)期，停下來(lái)分析劍橋6，7，8做過(guò)的題目。
分析好了以后再回來(lái)操作劍九第二套，而后第三套，經(jīng)歷了難度遞增之后，最后臨考前加強(qiáng)信心，做第四套。
每每做完套題都不要立刻對(duì)答案，這樣就不可避免的會(huì)對(duì)著答案往文章里去思考，從而不能達(dá)到能力的提高。
應(yīng)該采取三步走，第一步，先嚴(yán)格計(jì)時(shí)做，第二步再可放松時(shí)間延時(shí)做，最后第三步翻著字典做。
三遍都經(jīng)歷之后，才可核對(duì)答案，記錄下三次的答案是否有出入，找到自己的不足。
延時(shí)后能多對(duì)幾個(gè)的，說(shuō)明語(yǔ)言還不錯(cuò)，可能方法上有漏洞，以至于一卡時(shí)間，語(yǔ)言就發(fā)揮不出來(lái)了。
查字典后能多對(duì)上幾個(gè)的，說(shuō)明內(nèi)功不足，這樣短時(shí)間大體上就可以找到自己的問(wèn)題。
然后需要靜下心來(lái)，認(rèn)真分析。錯(cuò)題對(duì)題都需要回原文，定位分析，推敲答案。
詳情，201303/11/3909.html查看。
雅思閱讀熟詞多義題解析
英語(yǔ)中純粹的單義詞很少，絕大多數(shù)詞都是多義詞，即一個(gè)詞項(xiàng)有兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的意義。在雅思閱讀中，有很多詞匯看似很簡(jiǎn)單，很熟悉，殊不知他有多個(gè)意思。把小伙伴們都迷得暈頭轉(zhuǎn)向的。今天我來(lái)為大家收集整理了雅思閱讀熟詞多義題解析，希望小伙伴們?cè)谘潘伎荚嚂r(shí)能提高警惕，不再犯迷糊!
以下主要就雅思閱讀劍橋真題部分的一些存在熟詞多義的題目進(jìn)行解析：
1.drive
C4T1P1：
In other words， they gave no indication of an appreciation of either the range of ways in which rainforests are important or the complex social， economic and political factors which drive the activities which are destroying the rainforests.
這是一個(gè)復(fù)雜的長(zhǎng)難句，一共出現(xiàn)了三處定語(yǔ)從句，一處ways in which， 一處factors which，一處activities which。
drive的主語(yǔ)為連接代詞which代指的先行詞factors，提取之后變?yōu)閒actors drive the activities， 這里如果將這里作為動(dòng)詞的drive 翻譯成駕駛，句子是完成不通順的，我們從后一處的定語(yǔ)從句中得知，activities指的是破壞雨林的行為，也就是前面的社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)和政治因素drive了一些破壞雨林的行為，也就是說(shuō)，這里的drive是導(dǎo)致，迫使的意思。
C6T1P2
選項(xiàng)型SUMMARY
Q24： Manufacturers of computers， for instance， are able to import 24................. from overseas， rather than having to rely on a local supplier.
文章E段 To see how this influences trade， consider the business of making disk drives for computers. Most of the world's disk-drive manufacturing is concentrated in South-east Asia. This is possible only because disk drives， while valuable， are *all and light and so cost little to ship. Computer manufacturers in Japan or Texas will not face hugely bigger freight bills if they import drives from Singapore rather than purchasing them on the domestic market.
通過(guò)manufacturers of computers定位到E段。閱讀后我們可以知道電腦*商集中在東南亞*和進(jìn)口disk drives而不是本國(guó)市場(chǎng)。如果同學(xué)對(duì)電腦知識(shí)比較了解的話，對(duì)于drive在這里的理解應(yīng)該問(wèn)題不大。根據(jù)一定的語(yǔ)法知識(shí)我們看得出這里的disk drives和disk-drive是名詞用法，可通過(guò)drive的基本含義“駕駛”進(jìn)一步引申理解，“駕駛磁盤”過(guò)渡為“讓磁盤啟動(dòng)”，正確的理解含義為：磁盤驅(qū)動(dòng)器。對(duì)應(yīng)到題目提供的選項(xiàng)“B. components”
2.subject
我們知道它由“科目”的意思，詞匯稍好的同學(xué)還會(huì)知道它還有“主語(yǔ)”和“主題”的含義。我們來(lái)看下面一題：
C5T1P2
單選題 Q20 The teacher-subjects were told that they were testing whether
A a 450-volt shock was dangerous.
B punishment helps learning.
C the pupils were honest.
D they were suited to teaching.
文章A段 Specifically， Milgram told each volunteer 'teacher-subject' that the experiment was in the noble cause of education， and was designed to test whether or not punishing pupils for their mistakes would have a positive effect on the pupils' ability to learn.
文章這里的'teacher-subject'打了引號(hào)，也就是說(shuō)即便同學(xué)你不認(rèn)識(shí)，把它當(dāng)作一個(gè)特殊詞符號(hào)，不理解不影響做題。不過(guò)明顯的是，把“科目”“主語(yǔ)”“主題”放這里，都不好理解。在雅思閱讀學(xué)術(shù)實(shí)驗(yàn)類的文章中，subject是個(gè)高頻詞匯，作為“實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)象”的含義來(lái)使用， 有時(shí)會(huì)同義替換為volunteer或participant。
C8T1P3
表格填空Q38 The results were then subjected to a 38…………………….
文章：In 1987， results from hundreds of autoganzfeld tests were studied by Honorton in a 'meta-*ysis'， a statistical technique for finding the overall results from a set of studies.
通過(guò)冠詞a我們可以知道此空填名詞單數(shù)，并且從表格縱軸同行的特殊定位詞in 1987，我們找到了定位句。但是定位句中存在冠詞a的三處，到底三處后的單詞填哪個(gè)呢。單詞不會(huì)，語(yǔ)法來(lái)湊，通過(guò)題目和文章的主干結(jié)構(gòu)的一致性：A be subjected to B和A be studied By B in C， 由于Honorton是人名且不符合填詞規(guī)定，順理成章的'meta-*ysis'成為我們的選填對(duì)象。那subject to到底什么意思呢，通過(guò)文章，我們可以知道大概是被研究的意思，查了字典我們就了解，正確含義為“受…支配”。
類似的用法單詞還有：
1. state n. (美國(guó)的)州，狀態(tài)，*，adj. 國(guó)家的，國(guó)立的 v.陳述，說(shuō)明
C8T4P1 判斷題Q8 Private schools in Japan are more modern and spacious than state-run lower secondary schools. State-run adj國(guó)立的
C7T4P1 第5段 There was a huge initial force- five times larger than the steady state force， Gharib says. State n.狀態(tài)
2. coin n. 硬幣， v. 創(chuàng)造，鑄造
C7T1P1 E段 The American zoologist Donald Griffin， who was largely responsible for the discovery of sonar in bats， coined the term 'echolocation' to cover both sonar and radar， whether used by animals or by human instruments. Coin v 創(chuàng)造(first used)
3. spoke v. speak過(guò)去式，n 車輪的輻條(C4T1P3)
4. tuitionn. 學(xué)費(fèi)，課程，講授，教學(xué)(C4T1P1)
5. complaint n. 抱怨，*，疾病(C4T2P2)
6. Interest v. 是感興趣n. 興趣，利益，利息(C4T3P1)
7. leaves v. leave的動(dòng)詞三單形式 n.葉子(Pl)(C8T4P3)
8. press v. 按壓，n. 印刷，新聞工作者，新聞(C5T1P3/C5T4P2)
(pressing adj. 迫切的，急切的 C7T1P2)
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請(qǐng)問(wèn)2023年10月26日雅思閱讀考試真題及答案
您好，我是專注留學(xué)考試規(guī)劃和留學(xué)咨詢的小鐘老師。選擇留學(xué)是人生重要的決策之一，而作為您的指導(dǎo)，我非常高興能為您提供最準(zhǔn)確的留學(xué)解答和規(guī)劃。無(wú)論您的問(wèn)題是關(guān)于考試準(zhǔn)備、專業(yè)選擇、申請(qǐng)流程還是學(xué)校信息，我都在這里為您解答。更多留學(xué)資訊和學(xué)校招生介紹，歡迎隨時(shí)訪問(wèn)。
雅思的最新一期考試，在上周末進(jìn)行，大家對(duì)自己的考試有信心嗎？跟著小鐘老師來(lái)一起看看2023年10月26日雅思閱讀考試真題及答案。
Passage1：蝴蝶保護(hù)色Copy your neighbour
參考答案：
A THERE’S no animal that symbolises rainforest diversity quite as spectacularly as the tropical butterfly. Anyone lucky enough to see these creatures flitting between patches of sunlight cannot fail to be impressed by the variety of their patterns. But why do they display such colourful exuberance？ Until recently， this was almost as pertinent a question as it had been when the 19th-century naturalists， armed only with butterfly nets and insatiable curiosity， battled through the rainforests. These early explorers soon realised that although some of the butterflies’ bright colours are there to attract a mate， others are warning signals. They send out a message to any predators： “Keep off， we’re poisonous.” And because wearing certain patterns affords protection， other species copy them. Biologists use the term “mimicry rings” for these clusters of impostors and their evolutionary idol.
B But here’s the conundrum. “Classical mimicry theory says that only a single ring should be found in any one area，” explains George Beccaloni of the Natural History Museum， London. The idea is that in each locality there should be just the one pattern that best protects its wearers. Predators would quickly learn to avoid it and eventually all mimetic species in a region should converge upon it. “The fact that this is patently not the case has been one of the major problems in mimicry research，” says Beccaloni. In pursuit of a solution to the mystery of mimetic exuberance， Beccaloni set off for one of the megacentres for butterfly diversity， the point where the western edge of the Amazon basin meets the foothills of the Andes in Ecuador. “It’s exceptionally rich， but comparatively well collected， so I pretty much knew what was there， says Beccaloni.” The trick was to work out how all the butterflies were organised and how this related to mimicry.”
C Working at the Jatun Sacha Biological Research Station on the banks of the Rio Napo， Beccaloni focused his attention on a group of butterflies called ithomiines. These distant relatives of Britain’s Camberwell Beauty are abundant throughout Central and South America and the Caribbean. They are famous for their bright colours， toxic bodies and complex mimetic relationships. “They can comprise up to 85 per cent of the individuals in a mimicry ring and their patterns are mimicked not just by butterflies， but by other insects as diverse as damselflies and true bugs，” says Philip DeVries of the Milwaukee Public Museum’s Center for Biodiversity Studies.
D Even though all ithomiines are poisonous， it is in their interests to evolve to look like one another because predators that learn to avoid one species will also avoid others that resemble it. This is known as Miillerian mimicry. Mimicry rings may also contain insects that are not toxic， but gain protection by looking likes a model species that is： an adaptation called Batesian mimicry. So strong is an experienced predator’s avoidance response that even quite inept resemblance gives some protection. “Often there will be a whole series of species that mimic， with varying degrees of verisimilitude， a focal or model species，” says John Turner from the University of Leeds. “The results of these deceptions are some of the most exquisite examples of evolution known to science.” In addition to colour， many mimics copy behaviours and even the flight pattern of their model species.
E But why are there so many different mimicry rings？ One idea is that species flying at the same height in the forest canopy evolve to look like one another. “It had been suggested since the 1970s that mimicry complexes were stratified by flight height，” says DeVries. The idea is that wing colour patterns are camouflaged against the different patterns of light and shadow at each level in the canopy， providing a first line of defence against predators.” But the light patterns and wing patterns don’t match very well，” he says. And observations show that the insects do not shift in height as the day progresses and the light patterns change. Worse still， according to DeVries， this theory doesn’t explain why the model species is flying at that particular height in the first place.
F “When I first went out to Ecuador， I didn’t believe the flight height hypothesis and set out to test it，” says Beccaloni.”A few weeks with the collecting net convinced me otherwise. They really flew that way.” What he didn’t accept， however， was the explanation about light patterns. “I thought， if this idea really is true， and I can work out why， it could help explain why there are so many different warning patterns in any one place. Then we might finally understand how they could evolve in such a complex way.” The job was complicated by the sheer diversity of species involved at Jatun Sacha. Not only were there 56 ithomiine butterfly species divided among eight mimicry rings， there were also 69 other insect species， including 34 day-flying moths and a damselfly， all in a 200-hectare study area. Like many entomologists before him， Beccaloni used a large bag-like net to capture his prey. This allowed him to sample the 2.5 metres immediately above the forest floor. Unlike many previous workers， he kept very precise notes on exactly where he caught his specimens.
G The attention to detail paid off. Beccaloni found that the mimicry rings were flying at two quite separate altitudes. “Their use of the forest was quite distinctive，” he recalls. “For example， most members of the clear-winged mimicry ring would fly close to the forest floor， while the majority of the 12 species in the tiger-winged ring fly high up.” Each mimicry ring had its own characteristic flight height.
H However， this being practice rather than theory， things were a bit fuzzy. “They’d spend the majority of their time flying at a certain height. But they’d also spend a *aller proportion of their time flying at other heights，” Beccaloni admits. Species weren’t stacked rigidly like passenger jets waiting to land， but they did appear to have a preferred airspace in the forest. So far， so good， but he still hadn’t explained what causes the various groups of ithomiines and their chromatic consorts to fly in formations at these particular heights.
I Then Beccaloni had a bright idea. “I started looking at the distribution of ithomiine larval food plants within the canopy，” he says. “For each one I’d record the height to which the host plant grew and the height above the ground at which the eggs or larvae were found. Once I got them back to the field station’s lab， it was just a matter of keeping them alive until they pupated and then hatched into *s which I could identify.”
1-5. E、B、G 、F 、D
6-E、TRUE、NOT GIVEN、FALSE、NOT GIVEN、TRUE
12-13. D、B
Passage2：CRS企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任感
參考答案：
The moral appeal---arguing that companies have a duty to be good citizens and to “do the right thing” ---is prominent in the goal of Business for Social Responsibility， the leading nonprofit CSR business association in the United States.
A An excellent definition was developed in the 1980s ‘‘ Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” The notion of license to operate derives from the fact that every company needs tacit or explicit permission from governments， communities， and numerous other stakeholders to do business. Finally，reputation is used by many companies to justify CSR initiatives on the grounds that they will improve a company’s image， strengthen its brand，enliven morale， and even raise the Value of its stock.
B To advance CSR， we must root it in a broad understanding of the interrelationship between a corporation and society. To say broadly that business and society need each other might seem like a cliché， but it is also the basic truth that will pull companies out of the muddle that their current corporate-responsibility thinking has created. Successful corporations need a healthy society. Education， health care， and equal opportunity are essential to a productive workforce. Safe products and working conditions not only attract customers but lower the internal costs of accidents. Efficient utilization of land， water， energy， and other natural resources makes business more productive. Good government， the rule of Jaw， and property rights are essential for efficiency and innovation. Any business that pursues its ends at the expense of the society in which it operates will find its success to be illusory and ultimately temporary. At the same time， a health society needs successful companies. No social program can rival the business sector when it comes to creating the jobs， wealth， and innovation that improve standards of living and social conditions over time.
C A company’s impact on society also changes over time， as social standards evolve and science progresses. Asbestos， now understood as a serious health risk， was thought to be safe in the early 1900s， given the scientific knowledge then available. Evidence of its risks gradually mounted for more than 50 years before any company was held liable for the harms it can cause. Many firms that failed to anticipate the consequences of this evolving body of research have been bankrupt by the results. No longer can companies be content to monitor only the obvious social impacts of today. Without a careful process for identifying evolving social effects of tomorrow， firms may risk their very survival.
D No business can solve all of society’s problems or bear the cost of doing so. Instead， each company must select issues that intersect with its particular business. Corporations are not responsible for all the world＇s problems， nor do they have the resources to solve them all. Each company can identify the particular set of societal problems that it is best equipped to helpresolve and from which it can gain the greatest competitive benefit. Addressing social issues by creating shared value will lead to self-sustaining solutions that do not depend on private or government subsidies. When a well-run business applies its vast resources， expertise， and management talent to problems that it understands and in which it has a stake， it can have a greater impact on social good than any other institution or philanthropic organization.
E The best corporate citizenship initiatives involve far more than writing a check： they specify clear， measurable goals and track results over time. A good example is GE’s program to adopt underperforming public high schools near several of its major U.S. Facilities. The company contributes between $250， 000 and $1 million over a five-year period to each school and makes in-kind donations as well GE managers and employees take an active role by working with school administrators to assess needs and mentor or tutor students. The graduation rate of these schools almost doubled during this time period. Effective corporate citizenship initiatives such as this one create goodwill and improve relations with local governments and other important constituencies. What’s more， GE’s employees feel great pride in their participation. Their effect is inherently limited though. No matter how beneficial the program is， it remains incidental to the company＇s business， and the direct effect on GE’s recruiting and retention is modest.
F Microsoft is a good example of a shared-value opportunity arising from investments in context. The shortage of information technology workers is a significant constraint on Microsoft’s growth， currently， there are more than 450，000 unfilled IT positions in the United States alone. Community colleges， representing 45% of all U.S. Undergraduates， could be a major solution. Microsoft recognizes， however， that community colleges face special challenges： IT curricula are not standardized， technology used in classrooms is often outdated， and there are no systematic professional development programs to keep faculty up to date. In addition to contributing money and products， Microsoft sent employee volunteers to colleges to assess needs， contribute to curriculum development， and create faculty development institutes. Note that in this case， volunteers and assigned staff were able to use their core professional skills to address a social need， a far cry from typical volunteer programs. Microsoft has achieved results that have benefited many communities while having a direct-and potentially significant-impact on the company.
G At the heart of any strategy is a unique value proposition： a set of needs a company can meet for its chosen customers that others cannot. The most strategic CSR occurs when a company adds a social dimension to its value proposition， making social impact integral to the overall strategy Consider Whole Foods Market， whose value proposition is to sell organic， natural， and healthy food products to customers who are passionate about food and the environment. Whole Foods’ commitment to natural and environmentally friendly operating practices extends well beyond sourcing. Stores are constructed using a minimum of virgin raw materials. Recently， the company purchased renewable wind energy credits equal to 100% of its electricity use in all of its stores and facilities， the only Fortune 500 Company to offset its electricity consumption entirely. Spoiled produce and biodegradable waste are trucked to regional centers for composting. Whole Foods’ vehicles are being converted to run on biofuels. Even the cleaning products used in its stores are environmentally friendly. And through its philanthropy， the company has created the Animal Compassion Foundation to develop more natural and humane ways of raising farm animals. In short， nearly every aspect of the company’s value chain reinforces the social dimensions of its value proposition， distinguishing Whole Foods from its compe*s.
V、 viii、 iv、 vii、 i、iii、 ii
equal opportunity、internal cost
C、C、 A、 B
Passage3：沙漠造雨
參考答案：
A. Sometimes ideas just pop up out of the blue. Or in Charlie Paton’s case， out of the rain. “I was in a bus in Morocco travelling through the desert，” he remembers. “It had been raining and the bus was full of hot， wet people. The windows steamed up and I went to sleep with a towel against the glass. When I woke， the thing was soaking wet. I had to wring it out. And it set me thinking. Why was it so wet？”
B. The answer， of course， was condensation. Back home in London， a physicist friend， Philip Davies， explained that the glass， chilled by the rain outside， had cooled the hot humid air inside the bus below its dew point， causing droplets of water to form on the inside of the window. Intrigued， Paton-a lighting engineer by profession-started rigging up his own equipment. “I made my own solar stills. It occurred to me that you might be able to produce water in this way in the desert， simply by cooling the air. I wondered whether you could make enough to irrigate fields and grow crops.”
C. Today， a decade on， his dream has taken shape as giant greenhouse on a desert island off Abu Dhabi in the Persian Gulf ---the first commercially viable Version of his “seawater greenhouse”. Local scientists， working with Paton under a license from his
company Light Works， are watering the desert and growing vegetables in what is basically a giant dew-making machine that produces fresh water and cool air from sum and seawater. In awarding Paton first prize in a design competition two years ago，
Marco Goldschmied， president of the Royal Institute of British Architects， called it “a truly original idea which has the potential to impact on the lives of millions of people living in coastal water-starved areas around the world.”
seawater greenhouse as developed by Paton has three main both air-condition the greenhouse and provide water for front of the greenhouse faces into the prevailing wind so that hot dry air blows in through a front wall is made of perforated cardboard kept moist by a constant trickle of seawater pumped up from purpose is to cool and moisten the incoming desert cool moist air allows the plants to grow faster. And， crucially， because much less water evaporates from the leaves，the plants need much less moisture to grow than if they were being irrigated in the hot dry desert air outside the greenhouse.
air-conditioning of the interior of the greenhouse is completed by the second feature：the roof. It has two layers：an outer layer of clear polyethylene and an inner coated layer that reflects infrared radiation. This combination ensures that visible light can steam through to the plants， maximizing the rate of plant growth through photosynthesis but at the same time heat from the infrared radiation is trapped in the space between the layer， sand kept away keep the air around the plants cool.
F. At the lack of the greenhouse sits the third elements. This is the main water production ，the air hits a second moist cardboard wall that increases its humidity as it reaches the condenser，which finally collects from the hot humid air the moisture for irrigating the condenser is metal surface kept cool by still more seawater. It is the equivalent of the window on Paton’s Morcoccan s of pure distilled water form on the condenser and flow into a tank for irrigating the crops.
Abu Dhai greenhouse more or less runs ors switch everything on when the sun rises and alter flows of air and seawater through the day in response to changes in temperature， humidity， and windless days，fans ensure a constant flow of air through the greenhouse. “Once it is tuned to the local environment，you don’t need anyone there for it to work” says Paton. “We can run the entire operation off one 13-amp plug， and in the future we could make it entirely independent of the grid， powered from a few solar panels.”
ics point out that construction costs of around $4 a square foot are quite illustration， however， Paton presents that it can cool as efficiently as a 500-kilowatt air conditioner while using less than 3 kilowatts of electricity. Thus the plants need only an eighth of the Volume of water used by those grown conventionally. And so the effective cost of desalinated water in the greenhouse is only a quarter that of water from a standard desalinator， which is good economics. Beside it really suggests an environmentally - friendly way of providing air conditioning on a scale large enough to cool large greenhouses where crops can be grown despite the high outside temperatures.
27-31：YES、NO、YES、NOT GIVEN、 NO
32-36：hot dry air、moist、heat、condenser、pure distill water
37-40：fans、solar panels、construction costs、environmentally-friendly
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